Freud: Inventor of the Modern Mind

Looking closely at Freud's approach to specific patients and revisiting some of his lesser-known publications (including a vigorous campaign in support of cocaine as a mood-enhancer and anesthetic), Kramer finds in this irreverent biography a man who ""displayed bad character in the service of bad science."" Kramer's task is a difficult one, in large part because, in anticipation of his own legacy, Freud began destroying his personal documents at an early age. It's this kind of hubris (""as for the biographers ... we have no desire to make it too easy for them"") which enabled him to hide the fact that he was ""more devious and less original than he made himself out to be;"" it also makes him a fascinating subject. Kramer is careful to give Freud's major contributions-including the recognition that symptoms can ""reveal hints of thoughts and feelings pushed out of awareness"" and that psychoanalysis's unfettered exploration of the subconscious can offer patients a haven for exploring otherwise repressed thoughts-their due. But he is unsparing in his assessment of Freud's errors in judgment: ""there is a disturbing consistency in Freud's indifference to inconvenient facts. ... he bullied his patients and misrepresented his results."" Kramer's study is a refreshing and thorough work that readers of all levels of familiarity with Freud's work can appreciate.